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Policing by Algorithm: When Bias Becomes Code

Joe Cullen By Joe Cullen

The integration of artificial intelligence into policing and sentencing is not inherently problematic. What is problematic is how it is used.

If these systems are treated as tools that require verification, transparency, and accountability, they can be part of a broader effort to improve the justice system. If they are treated as authoritative outputs that do not need to be questioned, they introduce new risks.

The New Face of Wrongful Arrest

Joe Cullen By Joe Cullen

Facial recognition systems operate by analyzing the geometric features of a face and comparing them against stored images in databases such as driver’s license records, mugshot repositories, or other government and commercial image collections.

The output is not a single identification. It is typically a ranked list of candidates based on similarity scores.

Due Process Is Not a Courtesy

Joe Cullen By Joe Cullen

Due process is the mechanism by which the Constitution restrains government power. And yet, across the American criminal justice system, due process is increasingly treated as negotiable, procedural rather than fundamental, symbolic rather than binding.

The question is no longer whether due process is provided by statute. It does.
The question is whether it exists in practice.

When the Sixth Amendment Became Optional

Joe Cullen By Joe Cullen

Indigent defense does not generate political leverage. Defendants are not a powerful constituency. Funding defense does not produce headlines or electoral advantage.

For most people charged with a crime, constitutional protection exists only on paper. In courtrooms, it is delayed, diluted, or functionally denied, not because the Constitution changed, but because political priorities did.

This is not a budgetary oversight.
It is a constitutional failure.

When Silence Becomes Participation

Joe Cullen By Joe Cullen

Constitutional systems are not defined solely by power. They are defined by restraint. Authority exists within limits, and those limits matter most when they are inconvenient.

When executive power begins to disregard legal boundaries, when enforcement agencies operate with diminished accountability, and when courts defer rather than constrain, the system does not merely bend. It changes character.

2025 Brought a Wave of Criminal Justice Changes. Heading Into 2026, Here’s What Americans Need to Know: The Good, the Bad, and the Alarming.

Joe Cullen By Joe Cullen

2025 is ending with a justice system altered in ways we have not seen in more than a decade. Some of those changes move us toward fairness, accountability and real public safety. Others drag the nation backward into the failed punishment-first playbook that has never delivered safety, only overcrowded jails, destabilized communities and political theater.